| AREAS |
EMPLOYERS |
STRATEGIES |
|
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Research and Development
Laboratory Testing
Education
|
- Colleges and universities
- Pharmaceutical companies
- Agricultural industry including fertilizer
manufacturers and animal and plant breeding
and production
- Federal and state government laboratories and
agencies
- Industry, particularly biotechnology firms
|
- Become proficient using laboratory equipment and
computers.
- Acquire a Ph.D. for college and university teaching
and advanced positions in research, development,
and management.
- Take additional courses in chemistry, physics,
mathematics.
- Complete an undergraduate laboratory research
project with a professor.
|
GENETICS
Research and Development related to:
Animals
Plants
Humans
Genetic Counseling
Education |
- Colleges and universities
- Pharmaceutical companies
- Large producers of seed, livestock, and poultry
- Government laboratories such as:
- Department of Agriculture
Fish and Wildlife Service
- National Institutes of Health
- Biotechnology industry
- Hospitals and medical centers
|
- Acquire a broad background in sciences,
mathematics, and computer technology.
- Obtain a Ph.D. for teaching and advanced positions in
research and management.
- Earn a master's degree from an accredited
program for genetic counseling.
- Complete an undergraduate research project with a
professor.
- Find a related internship with an organization in
the area of your interest.
|
MICROBIOLOGY
Research and Development
Education
Quality Control |
- Colleges and universities
Private research foundations
- Government research laboratories and service
agencies
- Hospitals and public health facilities
- Agricultural experiment stations
- Food, chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic
companies
- Industry including wood products, paper, textiles,
optical equipment, leather, and electrical
equipment
- Environmental and pollution control agencies
|
- Obtain a Ph.D. for teaching and advanced research
and management positions.
- Develop additional competencies in chemistry,
mathematics, and physics.
- Take courses related to your field of interest or
consider an advanced degree to specialize.
- Find a related internship with an organization in the
area of your interest.
- Complete an undergraduate research project with a
professor.
- Develop strong skills using laboratory equipment and
computers.
|
BOTANY
Education
Research and Development
Conservation
Production
Quality Control
Administration
|
- Colleges and universities
- Medical and private research laboratories
- Pharmaceutical industry
Industries and laboratories involved in production
of food, textiles, chemical, and forestry products
- State and federal government, especially the Departments of
Agriculture, Interior, and Health
- Botanical gardens and arboretums
- National and international environmental
organizations
|
- Conduct undergraduate research with professors.
- Join related professional organizations.
- Take courses in this specialized area or consider an
advanced degree for more opportunities.
- Take courses in organic chemistry, biochemistry,
and physics.
- Obtain a Ph.D. for teaching and advanced positions
in research and management.
- Complete a related internship with an organization in
the area of your interest.
|
SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY
Education
Research and Development
Taxonomy
Conservation
Consulting
Administration |
- Colleges, universities, and agricultural colleges
- Federal agencies including Departments of Agriculture and Interior
- State and local agencies
- Private research foundations
- Museums
- Botanical gardens and arboretums
- Zoos and aquariums
- Public health laboratories
- Hospitals
- National and international environmental
organizations
|
- Earn a Ph.D. for college and university teaching and
advanced research and management positions.
- Develop excellent laboratory and computer skills.
- Get involved with undergraduate research with
professors.
- Join related professional organizations.
- Complete a related internship with an organization in
the area of your interest.
|
ENTOMOLOGY
Education
Research and Development
Toxicology
Conservation
Quality Control
|
- Colleges and universities, especially colleges of
agriculture and veterinary medicine
- Industry including food producers and processors,
chemicals for insect control, and lumber and pulp
- Chemical companies
- Pest control companies
- Federal and state government
- Health agencies
- Agricultural experiment stations
- Inspection agencies and control boards
- Conservation agencies
|
- Acquire a Ph.D. for college and university teaching
and advanced research and management
positions.
- Conduct undergraduate research with professors.
- Join related professional organizations.
- Take courses in this specialized area or consider an
advanced degree for more opportunities.
- Complete a related internship with an organization in
the area of your interest.
|
MARINE AND AQUATIC BIOLOGY
Research and Development
Education
Administration
Production
Quality Control
Conservation |
- Federal, state, and local government
- Inspection organizations
- Private recreation organizations
- Research laboratories
- Colleges and universities
- Zoos and aquariums
- Fish hatcheries
- National and international environmental agencies
|
- Develop a good foundation in mathematics, physics,
computer science, statistics, and chemistry.
- Acquire a Ph.D. for college and university teaching
and advanced research and management
positions.
- Obtain experience related to fishing and boating.
- Complete a related internship with an organization in
the area of your interest.
- Take specialized courses in this area or consider an
advanced degree for more opportunities.
|
ZOOLOGY
Animal Care/Training
Research and Development
Conservation
Administration
Education
|
- Wildlife preserves and parks
- Zoos, aquariums, and other collections of animals
- Museums
- Research organizations
- Pharmaceutical, chemical, and agricultural
service industries
- Federal, state, and local government
- Colleges and universities
- Veterinary hospitals
- Clinics and hospitals
|
- Obtain experience working with animals and various
related laboratory equipment.
- Develop a broad background in biology and other
related subjects such as chemistry, physics,
mathematics, and statistics.
- Obtain a Ph.D. for teaching and advanced research
and management positions.
- Complete a related internship with an organization in
the area of your interest.
- A zoological background is good preparation for a
career in veterinary science or medicine, but an
advanced degree is also required to practice.
|
BIOMEDICAL
Physiology
Biophysics
Biochemistry
Pharmacology
Immunology
Pathology
Research and Development
Education
Quality Control |
- Colleges and universities
- Professional schools including colleges of pharmacy,
dentistry, medicine, veterinary medicine, and
agriculture
- Clinics and hospitals
- Private research foundations
- Pharmaceutical companies
- Federal laboratories and regulatory agencies
- Independent testing laboratories
- Public health departments
- Agricultural experiment stations
- Industrial laboratories including chemical, petroleum,
food processing, drug, and cosmetic
manufacturers
|
- Obtain a Ph.D. for college and university teaching
and advanced research positions.
- Acquire a background in physics, organic and
physical chemistry, mathematics, and anatomy.
- Take courses in area(s) of specialization and/or
consider an advanced degrees; some may require
an M.D.
- Complete a related internship with an organization in
the area of your interest.
|
BIOINFORMATICS
Research and Development
Education |
- Biotechnology industry
- Pharmaceutical companies
- Government research laboratories
- Universities and colleges
|
- Double major or minor in computer science.
Acquire experience working in teams.
- Develop in-depth programming and relational
database skills.
- Learn molecular biology packages, web design,
and programming skills.
- Complete an internship in your area of interest.
|
EDUCATION
Teaching
Non-classroom Education |
- Universities and colleges
- Medical and other professional schools
- Public and private schools, K-12
- Museums
- Zoos
- Nature centers and parks
|
- Certification is required for K-12 school teachers,
and Ph.D. is needed in universities and
colleges.
- Gain experience working with students through
tutoring, interning, or volunteering.
- Learn to work well with all types of people.
- Develop excellent interpersonal and public
speaking skills.
|
HEALTHCARE
Medicine
Dentistry
Optometry
Podiatry
Chiropracty
Pharmacy
Veterinary Medicine
Allied Health
Occupational Therapy
Physical Therapy |
- Hospitals
- Medical centers
- Nursing homes
- Private practice
- Government agencies
- Armed forces
- Home health organizations
- Universities and schools
- Nonprofit organizations
|
- Plan to attend a medical school or other related
graduate program.
- Maintain an outstanding grade point average,
particularly in the sciences.
- Secure strong faculty recommendations.
- Meet with a pre-health advisor periodically.
- Join related student organizations. Demonstrate
leadership abilities.
- Obtain a summer job, volunteer position, or an
internship in a hospital.
- Develop a back up plan in case medical/graduate
school admission is denied.
- Consider alternative but related careers such as
physician assistant and nurse practitioner.
|
| TECHNICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL SALES |
- Manufacturing firms including:
- Pharmaceuticals
- Animal pharmaceuticals
- Laboratory equipment
- Medical supplies and prostheses
|
- Develop excellent communication and
interpersonal skills.
- Take courses in anatomy, pharmacology, and
chemistry.
- Obtain sales experience and/or a business minor.
- Hold leadership positions in campus organizations.
- Join the student American
- Marketing Association.
|
LEGISLATION/LAW
Lobbying
Regulatory Affairs
Science Policy
Patent Law
Environmental Law |
- Federal and state government
- Law firms
- Large corporations
|
- Acquire internships in federal or state government.
- Develop excellent communication and
interpersonal skills.
- Acquire a Ph.D for advanced positions.
- Take courses in history, political science and/or
legal studies.
- Earn a J.D. degree to practice law.
|
| BIOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAPHY |
- Major medical, dental, and veterinary schools
- Research centers
- Federal government
- Museums
- Zoological and environmental societies
- Publishing houses
- Free-lance
|
- Acquire thorough knowledge of photographic
procedures and technology.
- Become skilled with medical and scientific
instruments including microscopes.
- Take specific courses in biological, medical, and
ophthalmic photography; courses in illustration
and printing are also helpful.
|
TECHNICAL
WRITING
Writing
Editing |
- Newspapers
- Publishing companies including scientific magazines,
professional journals, periodicals, textbooks, and
online publishers
- Medical and veterinary colleges
|
- Take advanced courses in technical writing or
journalism classes or consider a minor in either.
- Develop strong writing skills and command of the
- English language.
- Obtain an advanced degree in scientific journalism.
|
| ILLUSTRATION |
- Publishing companies including scientific
magazines, professional journals, periodicals,
textbooks, and online publishers
- Educational and scientific software companies
- Medical and veterinary colleges
|
- Double major or minor in graphic illustration.
- Acquire word processing and desktop publishing
skills.
- Find a part-time, summer, co-op or internship
position with a publisher or newspaper.
|
A Bachelor's degree will qualify one for work as a laboratory assistant,
technician, technologist, or research assistant in education, industry,
government,
museums, parks, and gardens.
An undergraduate degree can also be used for nontechnical work
in writing, illustration, sales, photography, and legislation.
Master's degrees allow for more opportunities in research and administration.
Some community colleges will hire Master's level teachers.
Doctoral degrees are necessary for advanced research and administrative
positions, university teaching, and independent research.
An advanced degree provides the opportunity to specialize under
the different areas of the biological sciences.
The biological sciences are good preparation for a career in healthcare
such as medicine, dentistry, and veterinary science, but professional
degrees and
licenses are also necessary to practice in these fields.
Learn laboratory procedures and become familiar with equipment.
Obtain summer, part-time, volunteer, co-op, or internship experience
to test the fields of interest and gain valuable experience.
Develop strong computer, mathematics, and verbal and written communications
skills.
Join professional associations and community organizations to stay
abreast of current issues in the field and to develop networking contacts.
Read scientific journals related to your area of interest.
Maintain a high grade point average to improve chances of graduate
and professional school admission.
Become familiar with the specific entrance exam for graduate or
professional schools in your area of interest.
Secure strong relationships and personal recommendations from professors
and/or employers.
Consider completing a post doctoral experience after graduate school.
Learn federal, state, and local government job application process.
The federal government is the largest employer of biologists.
Gain experience with grant writing and fundraising techniques. Often
research must be funded in this manner.